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Frederick Kwesi Great Agboletey

Glasgow, Scotland

You, I and the Internet - 4 – Translation of Swedish DN Article -

Memorable Dates in the Nets History

Published 2009-07-20 11:41

29 October 1969: A computer at UCLA is connected together with one at Stanford’s Research Institute SRI and a message was sent over the so called Arpanet. Communication between these two nodes uses the same principles as today’s internet is built upon, but the number of nodes is now uncountable. The message should have read “LOG” but in passing through only the first two letters “LO” were received as in the prophetic “lo and behold”.

December 1974: The Intergalactic Computer Network – was one of many names used to describe what leading American researchers developed in the 1960s. 25 years ago the name INTERNET was coined in a key document signed by among others prominent figures such as Vint Cerf.

1 January 1983: The above mentioned document is about TCP, unifying half of the then internet central TCP/IP. That protocol compilation replaced the former old protocol and is relevant even this day.

Summer 1989: From the principle that the network hitherto has been exclusively for private persons and above all researchers communication, the network was available for the first time for commercial interests – The telecommunications company MCI:s mail service MCI mail became available.

12 November 1990: The British researcher Tim Berners-Lee published a text about a hypertext project that he has had for a while. He called it the “World Wide Web” and with which users could cross anyhow between a net of nodes...Well, if you have find your way here, you know how it works. www soon became the most known aspect of the internet, so well known that many wrongly use them synonymously.

4 February 1994: Carl Bildt (Swedish Head of Government at the time) mailed Bill Clinton, then president of USA. It was a congratulatory message to the Americans for deciding to lift the trade embargo against Vietnam, however the memorable aspect of it is that it was the first e mail between heads of government.

24 August 1995: Microsoft created Internet Explorer and the so called browser war broke out. The opposition was led by Netscape which had 90 percent of the market in the middle of the 1990s. Today, about 65% of net users use Explorer as their primary browser, three times those who use Firefox the second in position. One percent use Netscape.

4 September 1998: 25 year olds Larry Page and Sergey Brin seek to register a company called Google, for search services partly as a Stanford project developed in two years time. At the time several search engines competed to provide search services for users, but with a simple interface and superior indexing algorithm (Pagerank) could Google quickly become dominant search engine globally.

2 July 2001: The programmer Bram Cohen released the first version of Bittorrent – a free protocol for sharing large files between two and up to unlimited number of computers. While previous services, protocols and programs were protected, limitations in the technology and sometimes even in what format services could be enabled (sent), bittorent was far beyond these limitations user friendly. The number of services that use the full legal protocol are numerous and one of the most well known is The Pirate Bay. Today it is recognised that transfer via bittorrent accounts for well over half of all internet traffic.

11 September 2001: Terror attacks on USA followed by increased worry that leads to foremost sharp legislation and intelligence work. The Patriot Act is the most well known example in the USA, but the terror threat has bee used as argument for many other laws in other parts of the word. In Sweden it is mainly about FRA, but also the EUs: Stockholm program in recent times. The criticism against these laws has been overwhelming since extensive surveillance is perceived as a threat against personal integrity more than what the facts of terrorist threat to democracy imply. And above all any interference in free communication is against the internet’s fundamental principle of a free and open structure.

March 2002: Friendster starts and becomes the first social network that is accessible by a broad section of the public. Otherwise had more advanced internet users had similar services such as Well (1985) and Geocities (1994). Directly inspired by Friendster’s success, MySpace was created and the year after that seeded Facebook which was planted in 2003. Three years later Twitter was created. These three over past year have been the most popular networks in Sweden, but Friendster is much bigger in Asia. Other significant on other places include Bebo, Classmates, Flickr, Linkedin, Habbo, Netlog, Orkut...

5 – 7 October 2004: Tim Oreilly and his company O’Reilly Media holds a press conference in San Francisco with the name Web 2.0 Conference. Web 2.0 as a concept had for certain been coined already in 1999, but got its wings then. The term ought to give expression to the fact that the internet had entered a new phase  where the technological developments among other things has made it possible for a higher grade of user content. The expression had had its critics – the internet’s development is step less, certainly not step wise and content has always been user determined – but because of its ease and paunchiness it got widespread use.

31 May 2006: A large number of police undertook a house search against the web hotel PRQ to gain access to the three year old bittorrent service The Pirate Bay Servers. The exercise had been conducted as a result of persistent pressure from the USA government and the film industry on the Swedish Justice Department. Minister Thomas Bodström and his state’s secretary Dan Eliasson were reported both to the parliamentary oversights body KU and the Justice Ombudsman JO, but were freed from suspicion and ministerial responsibility. Not before the first of spring 2009 were there judicial proceedings but the media frenzy was incomparable, both from the international and national media. The four men accused were sentenced to a year’s imprisonment and together were asked to pay damages of 30 million Swedish kronors. A victory for the court it was asserted by the victors who hoped this will put a stop to illegal file sharing.

1 April 2009: The Swedish Ipred law was passed in full force as a follow up to a five year old EU directive. The law upholds the right of originators or their representatives the right to request the court for access to the ip-address or its owners if such is suspected of infringement against rights of access. Ipred like earlier efforts such as FRA law created a great public debate about the surveillance society and private actors possibility of assuming the place of the police. This has resulted in a boom for Relakks, Dold, Mullvard, Flashback and all others who provide anonymity services on the internet. But exactly how many surfers are anonymous is impossible to say.

Ossi Carp

ossi.carp@dn.se

 

 

Du, jag och internet

Minnesvärda datum i nätets historia

Publicerat 2009-07-20 11:41

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 Du, jag och internet

29 oktober 1969: En dator på UCLA kopplades ihop med en på Stanfords forskningsinstitut SRI och ett meddelande skickades över det som kallades Arpanet. Kommunikationen mellan dessa två noder är precis samma princip som dagens internet bygger på, men antalet noder är nu oräkneliga. ”Log” skulle meddelandet ha varit, men passande nog kom bara de två första bokstäverna: ”Lo” som i profetiska ”Lo and behold!” (direkt översatt ”se och beskåda” i betydelsen ”hör och häpna”).

December 1974: ”Intergalactic computer network” var ett av många namn som användes för att beskriva vad främst amerikanska forskare utvecklade under 1960-talet. För 25 år sedan myntades ”internet” i ett nyckeldokument signerat av bland andra portalfiguren Vint Cerf.

1 januari 1983: Ovanstående dokument handlade om TCP, ena halvan av den internet-centrala TCP/IP. Den protokollsamlingen ersatte denna dag gamla protokoll och gäller än i dag.

Sommaren 1989: Från att i princip uteslutande ha varit ett nätverk för privatpersoners och framför allt forskares kommunikation öppnar det sig för första gången för kommersiella aktörer - telekomföretaget MCI:s mejltjänst MCI Mail.

12 november 1990: Den brittiske forskaren Tim Berners-Lee publicerade en text om ett hypertext-projekt han hade haft ett tag. Han kallade det för ”World Wide Web” och med det skulle användare kunna kryssa runt hur som helst mellan ett nät av noder… Äsch, har du hittat hit vet du hur det funkar. www blev snart den kändaste delen av internet, så känd att många felaktigt använder dem synonymt.

4 februari 1994: Carl Bildt mejlade till Bill Clinton, dåvarande statsminister respektive president. Det var ett grattis till det amerikanska beslutet att lyfta handelsembargot mot Vietnam, men det minnesvärda var att det var det första mejlet mellan två regeringschefer.

24 augusti 1995: Microsoft lanserade Internet Explorer och det så kallade browser-kriget utbröt. Motståndet bestod främst av Netscape som hade 90 procent av marknaden i mitten på 90-talet. I dag använder cirka 65 procent nätanvändare Explorer som sin browser, tre gånger så många som tvåan Firefox. 1 procent använder Netscape.

4 september 1998: 25-åringarna Larry Page och Sergey Brin ansöker om att registrera ett företag, Google, för den söktjänst de delvis som ett Stanford-projekt utvecklat under två års tid. Vid tidpunkten konkurrerade många söktjänster om användarna, men med ett enkelt gränssnitt och en överlägsen indexeringsalgoritm (”Pagerank”) kunde Google snabbt bli herre på täppan världen över.

2 juli 2001: Programmeraren Bram Cohen släppte det första versionen av bittorrent – ett fritt protokoll för att dela stora filer mellan två upp till ett oändligt antal datorer. Medan tidigare tjänster, protokoll och program var skyddade, begränsande i tekniken och ibland även i vilka format som kunde skickas var bittorrent överlägset användarvänligt. Antalet tjänster som använder sig av det fullständigt lagliga protokollet är mycket stort och den kändaste är The Pirate Bay. I dag uppskattas överföring via bittorrent stå för upp till drygt hälften av all internettrafik.

11 september 2001: Terrorattentaten i USA följdes av en förhöjd oro som ledde fram till skärpt lagstiftning och underrättelsearbete. Patriot Act är det mest kända exemplet i USA, men terrorhot har använts som argument för många andra lagar på andra håll i världen. I Sverige gäller det främst FRA, men också EU:s Stockholmsprogram nu senast. Kritiken mot sådana lagar har varit omfattande då övervakningen upplevs hota den personliga integriteten mer än vad den faktiska terrorismen hotar demokratin. Och, heter det, alla ingrepp i den fria kommunikationen strider mot internets grundprincip om en fri och öppen struktur.

Mars 2002: Friendster startade och blev det första sociala nätverket som nådde en bred och stor publik. Annars hade mer avancerade internetanvändare haft liknande tjänster tidigare som Well (1985) och Geocities (1994). Direkt inspirerat av Friendsters framgångar lanserades Myspace året därpå och även fröet till Facebook planterades 2003. Tre år senare skapades Twitter. De tre senaste är de kändaste nätverken i Sverige, men Friendster är fortfarande stort i Asien. Andra stora på olika håll är Bebo, Classmates, Flickr, Linkedin, Habbo, Netlog, Orkut…

5-7 oktober 2004: Tim O’Reilly och hans mediaföretag O’Reilly Media höll en konferens i San Francisco med namnet ”Web 2.0 Conference”. Web 2.0 som begrepp hade förvisso myntats redan 1999, men nu fick den vingar. Termen ska enkelt uttryckt förstås som att internet gick in i ett nytt skede där den tekniska utvecklingen bland annat möjliggjorde en högre grad av användargenererat innehåll. Uttrycket har fått mycket kritik – internets utveckling är steglös, inte stegvis och innehållet har alltid skapats av användarna - men på grund av sin lättbegripliga slagkraftighet fick det stor spridning.

31 maj 2006: Ett stort antal poliser utförde husrannsakan mot webbhotellet PRQ för att komma åt den då tre år gamla bittorrenttjänsten The Pirate Bays servrar. Tillslaget hade föregåtts av påtryckningar från den amerikanska regeringen och filmbranschen mot det svenska justitiedepartementet. Minister Thomas Bodström och hans statssekreterare Dan Eliasson anmäldes både till KU och JO, men friades senare från misstankar om ministerstyre. Först våren 2009 blev det tingsrättsförhandlingar, men och medieintresset var av sällan skådat slag, både från internationella och svenska medier. De fyra åtalade männen dömdes till ett års fängelse vardera och tillsammans 30 miljoner kronor i skadestånd. En seger för upphovsrätten, menar målsägandesidan som hoppas på ett stopp på illegal fildelning.

1 april 2009: Svenska ipred-lagen trädde i kraft som en följd av ett fem år gammalt EU-direktiv. Lagen ger upphovsmän eller dess företrädare rätt att be domstolen om vem som står bakom en ip-adress som misstänks ligga bakom upphovsrättsintrång. Detta utan att gå via polis som tidigare. Ipred, liksom tidigare med bland annat FRA-lagen skapade stor debatt om övervakningssamhälle och om privata aktörers möjlighet att agera i polisens ställe. Det resulterade i en boom för Relakks, Dold, Mullvad, Flashback och alla andra som driver anonymitetstjänster på internet. Men exakt hur många som numera surfar anonymt är omöjligt att svara på. 

Ossi Carp

ossi.carp@dn.se

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