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Computer system intrusion by hackers -

Frederick Kwesi Great Agboletey  - Translation –

Glasgow, Scotland

You, I and the Internet – 2

The hacker –terrorist or freedom fighter?

Published today 25th July 2009 at 14:49

Illustration – Steafn Malmquist

Stieg Larsson’s successful heroine Lisbeth Salander is all that a hacker ought to be. She has a photographic memory, likes mathematical formulas and is both a genius and an antisocial. Even in a world outside literature one can find hackers enshrouded in myth.  Typified partly as the nets terrorist or intellectual freedom fighters, depending on who you ask – who have made the most amazing intrusion. Following developments from the 1960s whistling youths, who deceived telephone exchanges to today’s hackers who want to draw out your opinion.

The hacking culture began long before the internet became widespread. “Freaking” which is to research and use the telenet, had already been in existence by the end of the 1960s. By manipulating the telephone system and exchanges could “freakers” make long distance telephone calls for free. The first “freaker” was said to be a blind boy with perfect hearing, who was called “Joybubbles”. Already as a seven year old, he discovered that by whistling he could deceive the telephone companies’ exchanges. “Joybubbles” had a “freaker” friend called Cap’n Crunch after the toy whistling pipe that was packaged with breakfast cereals of the same name. The whistle pipe produced a signal of exactly 2600 hertz which was the same frequency used to indicate that a telephone line was available. Cap’n Crunch built a so called blue box – an apparatus tha made it possible to use parts of the American telephone network for free. The blue box deceived the telephone system by connecting calls which gave the user possibility of calling for free.

The ”freaking” culture is today a cult and still there is produced a quarterly magazine for its members called the ”2600” after the frequency that deceived telephone exchanges.

A few well known second generation “freakers” are Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak (who consequently started Apple). According to a tale, Wozniak one day managed to connect himself to the Vatican State where he introduced himself as the then Foreign Minister (Secretary of State) Henry Kissinger and requested to talk to the pope. The pope however was asleep and could not be disturbed.

Stefan Kronqvist is the head of the national criminal police’s IT crime section and has followed hacker developments in Sweden.

The period before the internet world it was common with telephone fraud. It mainly involved getting access to different types of codes to gain access to the paying service and by that mean call for free. Later further developments occurred when the internet was new. At that time it was insanely expensive and in principle it was only universities and research centres who had the budget. Most ordinary people had no financial possibility to use the internet. So they hacked into offices in the universities and colleges and gained access by those means. This was very usual in the 1990s, he says.

At the beginning of the 1980s the term ”Hacker” came into use in mainstream media after the group 414s hacked into a whole lot of computer systems, including Security Pacific Bank. These six hackers were described as young, intelligent, motivated and energetic and said themselves that they liked the challenge and had no intentions of harming anyone. Many saw them as harmless fraudsters and compared them with the youths in the film “Wargames” that was released earlier that same year. The House of Representatives in the USA did not share the same opinion that hackers were harmless fraudsters and that same year passed several legislations on information safety.

Together with the film ”War Games” - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarGames -was introduced the phenomenon to the general public. In the film spectators met the teenager David who was addicted to computer games and hacking into computer systems. He thought he had hacked into a game maker’s database and began to play the game Global Thermonuclear War. While in reality he had unintentionally taken himself into an American military base. Only by a scratch was a third world war avoided.

According to Stefan Kronqvist was the typical hacker of ten – fifteen years ago a young man with great interest in computer questions and issues, which is in concordance with how hackers were portrayed in diverse films such as “Hackers” from 1995 and “Takedown” from 2000.

In Sweden we were connected to the network via Usenet in 1983. Still it was a rare few who had access to the internet at the time, but interest grew rapidly. At the same time there were a whole lot against computerisation.

The year 1984, Orwells year, the father of cyber punk William Gibson released “Neuromancer”, a dark story where the society was computerised. Readers got to gain awareness of high technology’s new words such as cyberspace and matrix.

A few years earlier the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) was formed in Germany, an organisation whose membership demanded the right to information and communication and who desire more insight into the state. Today, almost 30 years later, the organisation still has 4000 members.

Hackers are perceived by many as anti social and criminals. It got no better when a group of German hackers led by Karl Koch were arrested in 1989 for spying after they had hacked into the USA government computer network and sold information to the Soviet KGB.

Stefan Kronqvist says that hackers in Sweden gradually went from hacking themselves into the network to more competitive like orientation – where they entered systems with high safety protocols.

In Sweden there was a noticeable case with a group that referred to itself as ”Fragglarna” which in the 1990s hade discovered the art of hacking. In the beginning the young technology prone youth only tried to enter computer systems of different ministries and government department and colleges in Sweden. When it became too simple and easy, they became bored and sought for more challenging engagements. A couple of months later they had hacked the American Space Administration (NASA) and the American Air force. It did not take long before the concerned departments detected the infiltration and the FBI was called into the case.

In 1997 a few hackers of which the suspects included several Swedes, broke into the CIAs homepage and changed the bureaus name to “Central Stupidity Agency”.

-          After a while were all conquests made, says Stefan Kronqvist.

-          Those who continued use the forerunners material to take themselves into different types of systems, above all, was there interest in hacking into American environments such as NASA and the American Military.

Today, hacking is no longer a ground breaking activity according to Kronqvist.

What is occurring these days is about obtaining information or other types of opinion steering, where those who intrude into others homepage, attempt to alter those websites. Hacking and computer intrusion activities are no longer revolutionary since what remains to be done has already been done.

In recent times there have been a couple of cases where hackers who want to state their opinions been in the hot air.

Hacker in the new generation have gained attention in Febraury this year, when they hacked into Ifpi:s homepage. The hacking was an opinion steering effort against the forth going Pirate Bay court case. Visitors to the side were met with a text “STOP LYING HÅKAN ROSWALL!!!” (Håkan Roswell was the public prosecutor in the Pirate Bay case) The four defendants in the Pirate Bay case and a whole lot of bloggers condemned the hacking and intoned that it worked against the purpose of their intentions and gave Pirate Bay negative publicity.

Even the Anti piracy bureau had their homepage hacked into in the middle of March. A group calling itself the Angry Young Hackers took over the bureaus homepage and published internal mail conversations that they had come across.

Even the Pirate Bay itself had been hacked. I may 2007 someone succeeded in gaining the whole membership list and published it on the site.

From a historical perspective and partly still hacking is all about whether a person is capable of understanding and using the Unixcode and that one tries to discover safety windows in the system. That is the way it works out. It has mainly been on Unix systems that intrusions have been made, says Stefan Kronqvist.

According to Kronqvist the most serious computer intrusions today are through malware codes.

-          Today malwares, are being used, above all the so called Trojan horses, as a means of accessing and manipulating computer systems. There are examples that organised crime is interested in this method for gaining access to financial systems.

Many hackers have turned against the model of them as criminals and anti socials. In 2001 came the documentary, “Freedom Downtime” about one of the world’s most famed hackers – Kevin Mitnick and the so called Free Kevin Movement.

In 2007 the reputation of hackers were severely tarnished through Die Hard 4.0 when an internet terrorist with the name Thomas Gabriel hit against the USAs computer network and all power network with the intention to cash in on money from banks, government departments and organisations. As luck will have it, the get it done man, John McClane (Bruce Willis) the beef with the help of hacker Matt Farrell (Justin Long) succeeded in preventing this.

Last year there was released on the obvious iconic date 080808, another documentary – “Hackers are people too”. The documentary was directed by Ashely Schwartau, inspired of an event when he had asked permission of her supervisor to be given time off to attend a conference of hackers. The shaken teacher, clearly disturbed by the request, wondered “Do hackers have a conferences? What do you do then? Try to hack into banks and take over networks and steal credit cards?”

Ashley Schwartau, who herself had been hacking since sixteen, decided that it was time to correct the negative reputation of hackers and their image in the public eye and made a documentary film that was released last year as the “Best Safety Film of 2008” by SC magazine.

Sofia Lundgren

sofia.lundgren@dn.se

 

Du, jag och internet

Hackern - terrorist eller frihetskämpe?

Publicerat i dag. 14:49

Illustration: Stefan Malmquist

Stieg Larsson succéhjältinna Lisbeth Salander är allt som en hacker ska vara. Hon har fotografiskt minne, gillar matematiska formler och är både genial och asocial. Även i världen utanför litteraturen hittas mytomspunna hackers – ett slags nätets terrorister, eller intellektuella frihetskämpar, beroende på vem man frågar – som gjort de mest häpnadsväckande intrång. Följ utvecklingen från 1960-talets visslande ungdomar som lurade telefonväxlar till dagens hackers som vill få ut sina åsikter.

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Läs mer:

Kända hacks i nutid

Mohammed-karikatyrerna

Mot Bevara äktenskapet-kampanj

Pirate Bay hackad

Ifpi hackad

CNN hackad

Mer om hackers

Kultmanualen ”How to be a hacker”

Radiodokumentär: "Fragglarna" (P3 Dokumentär)

 Du, jag och internet

Hackerkulturen började långt innan internet var stort. Phreaking, att utforska och utnyttja telenätet, kom redan på slutet av 1960-talet. Genom att manipulerar telefonsystem och växlar kunde phreakers-folket ringa långdistanssamtal gratis. Den förste phreakern sägs vara en blind pojke med perfekt gehör, kallad Joybubbles. Redan som sjuåring upptäckte han att han genom att vissla kunde lura telefonbolagens växlar. Joybubbles hade en phreaker-vän som kallades för Cap'n Crunch efter leksaksvisselpipa som följde med flingpaketet med samma namn. Visselpipan gav ifrån sig en signal på exakt 2600 hertz vilket var samma frekvens som användes för att visa att en telefonlinje var ledig. Cap´n Crunch byggde en så kallad blue box – en enhet som gjorde det möjligt att använda delar av det amerikanska telefonnätet utan att behöva betala. Blue boxen lurade telefonsystemet att koppla om samtalet vilket gav användaren möjligheten att ringa gratis.

Phreakingkulturen är i dag kult och fortfarande kommer det kvartalsvis ut ett magasin för dess anhängare kallat ”2600” efter frekvensen som lurade telefonväxeln.

Några kända andragenerationens phreakers är Steve Jobs och Steve Wozniak (som sedermera startade Apple). Enligt en historia lyckades Wozniak en dag koppla sig till Vatikanstaten där han utgav sig för att vara USA:s dåvarande utrikesminister Henry Kissinger och bad att få prata med påven. Påven sov dock och fick inte störas.

Stefan Kronqvist är chef för rikskriminalpolisens it-brottssektion och har följt hackerutvecklingen i Sverige.

– Tiden innan internetvärlden var det vanligt med telefonskojerier. Det gick ut på att få tag i olika typer av koder för att ta sig igenom betaltjänster och på så sätt kunna ringa gratis. Sedan vidareutvecklades det när internet var nytt. Det var vansinnigt dyrt, i princip var det bara universitet och forskningscentrum som hade råd. De flesta vanliga människor hade ingen som helst ekonomisk möjlighet att använda sig av nätet. Så då hackade man sig in på konton på universitet och högskolor och körde den vägen. Det var mycket vanligt på 90-talet, säger han.

I början av 80-talet användes termen ”hackare” för första gången i massmedierna efter att gruppen The 414s hackat sig in i en mängd olika datasystem, bland annat Security Pacific Bank. De sex hackarna beskrevs som “unga, intelligenta, motiverade och energiska” och sade själva att de gillade utmaningen och inte ville något illa. Många såg dem som harmlösa skojare och de jämfördes med ungdomarna i filmen ”WarGames” som släpptes tidigare samma år.
Representanthuset i USA höll inte med om hackarnas harmlöshet. Samma år stiftades ett antal lagar om datasäkerhet.

I och med filmen ”WarGames” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarGames introducerades fenomenet hacking för allmänheten. I filmen får tittarna möta tonåringen David som helst spelar dataspel och hackar sig in i datasystem. Han tror sig ha hackat ett spelföretag och börjar spela spelet Global Thermonuclear War. I själva verket har han råkat ta sig in på en amerikansk militärbas. Med nöd och näppe undviks ett tredje världskrig.

Enligt Stefan Kronqvist var den ”typiske hackern” för tio-femton år sedan en ung man med ett intresse för datorfrågor som slog ut alla andra intressen, vilket stämmer väl överens med hur hackers porträtterats i diverse filmer såsom ”Hackers” från 1995 och ”Takedown” från 2000.

I Sverige kopplade vi upp oss på nätet via Usenet 1983. Fortfarande var det ytterst få som hade tillgång till internet, men intresset växte. Samtidigt var en hel del emot datoriseringen.

År 1984, Orwells år, släppte cyberpunkens fader William Gibson ”Neuromancer”, en mörk berättelse där samhället datoriserats. Läsarna fick stifta bekantskap med nya högteknologiska ord såsom cyberspace och matrix.

Några år tidigare bildades Chaos Computer Club, CCC, i Tyskland, en organisation som krävde medborgarnas rätt till information och kommunikation och som ville ha mer insyn i staten. I dag, nästan 30 år senare har organisationen fortfarande drygt 4 000 anhängare.

Hackers sågs av många som asociala och kriminella. Bättre blev det inte när en grupp tyska hackers ledda av Karl Koch åkte fast år 1989 för spionage efter att ha hackat sig in i USA:s regeringsdatorer och sålt information till sovjetiska KGB.

Stefan Kronqvist berättar att hackarna i Sverige så småningom övergick från att hacka sig in på själva nätet till mer tävlingsliknande aktiviteter – att ta sig in i system med högt given säkerhet.

I Sverige finns ett uppmärksammat fall med en grupp kallad ”Fragglarna” som under 90-talets senare hälft upptäckte hackandets konst. Till en början försökte de unga teknikintresserade ta sig in i datasystem hos olika myndigheter och högskolor i Sverige. När det gick enkelt, tröttnade de och sökte efter svårare utmaningar. Ett par månader senare hade den amerikanska rymdstyrelsen NASA och det amerikanska flygvapnet hackats. Det dröjde inte länge innan berörda myndigheter upptäckte intrånget och FBI kopplades på fallet.

År 1997 bröt några hackers, vilka även de misstänktes vara svenskar, in på CIA:s hemsida och ändrade byråns namn till "Central Stupidity Agency”.

– Efter ett tag var alla landvinningar gjorda, säger Stefan Kronqvist.
– De som fortsatte använde föregångarnas material för att ta sig in i olika typer av system, framför allt intressant var att hacka sig in i amerikanska miljöer såsom Nasa och den amerikanska militären.

I dag är hacking inte längre någon ”banbrytande verksamhet” enligt Kronqvist.

– Det som förekommer i dag handlar mycket om informationsinhämtning eller någon sorts opinionsyttring där den som gör intrånget ändrar hemsidor och skriver in annan text. Hacking och dataintrångsverksamheten är inte längre revolutionerande eftersom det som går att göra redan är upptäckt.

På senare tid har ett par fall med just hackare som vill få ut en åsikt varit i hetluften.

Hackarna i Den nya generationen uppmärksammades i februari i år sedan de hackat sig in på Ifpi:s hemsida. Hacket var en opinionsyttring mot den pågående Pirate Bay-rättegången. Besökare till sidan möttes av texten ”SLUTA LJUG HÅKAN ROSWALL!!!” (Håkan Roswall var åklagare i Pirate Bay-fallet, reds. anm.) De fyra åtalade i Pirate Bay-målet och en hel del bloggar fördömde hackningen och menade att den motverkade sina syften och gav Pirate Bay dålig publicitet.

Även Antipiratbyrån fick se sin sida hackad i mitten av mars. En grupp kallad Arga Unga Hackare tog över byråns hemsida och publicerade interna mejlkonversationer som de kommit över.

Men även Pirate Bay har råkat ut för dataintrång. I maj 2007 lyckades någon komma över hela medlemsregistret och lägga ut det på sajten.

– Historiskt sett och delvis fortfarande handlar hacking om att man kan Unixkod och att man försöker hitta säkerhetsluckor i systemen. Det är vad det går ut på. Det är nästan uteslutande Unixsystem som varit utsatta för den här sortens intrång, säger Stefan Kronqvist.

Enligt Kronqvist är det allvarligaste dataintrångsproblemet i dag skadlig kod.

– I dag används skadlig kod, framförallt så kallade trojanska hästar, för att ta sig in i och manipulera datasystem. Det finns exempel på att den organiserade brottsligheten intresserar sig för denna metod som ett medel för att komma åt finansiella system.

Många hackers har vänt sig mot bilden av dem som kriminella och asociala. 2001 kom dokumentären ”Freedom Downtime” om en av världens mest berömda hackare – Kevin Mitnick och den så kallade Free Kevin-rörelsen.

År 2007 svärtades hackarnas rykte ner igen genom Die Hard 4.0 där en ”internetterrorist” vid namn Thomas Gabriel slår ut USA:s hela datanätverk och alla elkraftverk med målet att casha in pengar från banker, statliga myndigheter och företag. Som tur är klarare John McClane (Bruce Willis) biffen med hjälp av hackern Matt Farrell (Justin Long).

Förra året släpptes, självfallet på datumet 080808, ännu en dokumentär - ”Hackers are people too”. Dokumentärfilmaren, Ashley Schwartau, inspirerades till filmen efter att ha bett sin lärare om ledigt för en konferens för hackers. Läraren blev bestört: ”Har hackers konferenser? Vad gör ni då? Försöker ni hacka er in i banker och ta över nätverk och stjäla kreditkort?”.

Ashley Schwartau, som själv hackat sedan hon var 16, bestämde att det var dags att upprätta hackarnas dåliga rykte och gjorde en dokumentärfilm som förra året utsågs till ”Bästa säkerhetsfilm 2008” av magasinet SC Magazine.
 

Sofia Lundgren

sofia.lundgren@dn.se

 

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