African Scholastics Journal

You, I and the Internet - Part 1 - of Swedish DN Article -

Home
PURPOSE OF THIS SITE -
Bubbly brown joy - poetry -
Changes Needed for Regulation of Banks - Translation -
Sweden Ought to Take the Lead in Changing Financial Regulations - Trnsl. -
You, I and the Internet - Part 1 - Translation of Swedish DN article -
You, I and the Internet - Part 2 - Translation of Swedish DN Article -
About the Internet - Part 3 - Translation -
You, I and the Internet - Part 4 - Translation -
You, I and the Internet - Part 5 - Translation -
You, I and the Internet - Part 6 - Translation -
GREGORIAN CHANT - poetry
Pass the coffee mug, a pot of tea... poetry
The Forsaken Wife - short story -
Clarity - Streets of Glasgow - poetry
Coming Alive - poetry
An unforced moment - poetry
Just Before Dawn - poetry
Land - poetry
Time for Composing - poetry
Bitter longing - poetry
Vitality in Nation Development - Social Philosophy -
DARFUR, SOUTH OF KHARTOUM - CITY OF HOPE Social Philosophy
School Kitchen - Catering for School Children in Developing Countries -
Ionized Loch
Magnus Sjölander - A Swede -
Prayer Time
Bali in Afterthought - poetry
Walls - poetry
In these dark woods - a short story
A Trip to the Hospital
Peace be perfect still poetry
When you are blessed - poetry
Heaven's torch - poetry
Wisdom's lessons - poetry
Gift of life - poetry
Master of eternity - poetry
Covenant of grace - poetry
Man ought to praise his maker - poetry
Lift high his glorious praise - poetry
True source - poetry
Straws in fast flowing streams - poetry
All things - poetry
Lost and wondering - poetry
Glow - poetry
Healing waters - poetry
Light in his wings - poetry
You who are richly blessed - poetry
Harvest - poetry
Seeds - poetry
Key - poetry
Appointed Time - poetry
Immeasurable - poetry
When you play - poetry -
A Promise Fulfilled - poetry
We who fear the Lord - poetry
Eternal Lord - poetry
Our Great God of Wonders - poetry
Man is favoured - poetry
Hearts filled with thanksgiving - poetry
Glorious presence - poetry
He spoke wisdom - poetry
Open, let light shine forth! - poetry
The Call - poetry
His Presence - poetry
Willing Hearts - poetry
Perfection of joy realised - poetry
My Spirit Rejoices in God - poetry
Grace - poetry
Grace and Restoration - poetry
My Heart is Lifted Up - poetry
Glorious presence - poetry
First Light - poetry
Be Magnified, O Jehovah - poetry
Sovereign - poetry
Moment of Life - poetry
Luminescence - poetry
The Praise of Wisdom - poetry
In Songs of Sweet Accord - poetry
Creation´s Joy - poetry
My Sou Praises the Lord - poetry
The Singer - poetry -
Prayer - poetry -
Letter to a Friend -poetry
Some Songs - poetry
From the Book of the Secrets of Enoch
Jesus Christ Price of Salvation - poetry
Keta Reveries - Short Story
Loneliness - poetry
Silent Hearts - poetry
Gave You All - poetry -
A Summer Cloudburst - poetry
Achieving - poetry
Africa on my mind -poetry
Arid Bitterness - poetry
Coffee Room - poetry
I Got Life - essay
Beyond the Blue Horizons - poetry
Te Deum - poetry
When the first poets...
Serengeti - poetry
Nordic Dreamscapes - Poetry
By the Lakeside - Nordic Idyll - Poetry
The Tree Outside my Window - poetry
Hallemah's Eyes - poetry
A Spirit From Afar - poetry
Soul in Transition - poetry
grace of a woman - poetry
Fresh Air - poetry
The Most Feared Drug - Article
What's Your Story - poetry
Brazier - poetry
Silent Landscapes - poetry
Limbo - poetry
The Inner Journey Outward Bound - poetry
In Search of Life - poetry
Prayer for Relief - poetry
Reach Out and Touch - poetry
Break Down These Walls - poetry
love Disintegrates - poetry
Edge of Reason - poetry
A Late Summer Afternoon - Oklahoma reveries
End of Day - poetry
The Sundance Radiance - poetry
There is a Place - poetry
What's Your Story? - poetry
What Light? - poetic essay
Fire dance - poetry
Futility - poetry
A diamond ring - reflections
The Express Crawler - a short story
Gift of Destiny - poetry for my daughter -
Grey sheets - "poetry psychological"
A life of their own - "poetry psychological"
On Your 50 th Birthday - poetry
Susan Taylor: Light of our thoughts - poetry
Hiding in the open - poetry
Dripping Anguish - poetry
Route 66 - poetry
Morning Jazz - poetry
My Bubble Burst - poetry
Ode redeemed loneliness - poetry
Radiance - poetry
Generation - poetry
Blacksmith - poetry
Silent Streets - poetry
Dance of time - poetry
Collegiate Session - poetry
RESUME - Frederick Kwesi Great Agboletey
Kicking Stones - A short story
God's will and Free will - Essay
Train's Gone - poetry
Primal on the Wasteland - poetry
Scream - poetry
Morning Drizzle - poetry
Silent Streets - poetry
A Lamp - poetry
saddest thing - poetry
In His Knowingness - poetry
Song of Gratitude - poetry
Songs of Thanksgiving - poetry
Restoration - poetry
Unending Love - poetry
An unforced moment - poetry
Strange, you mentioned that... - poetry
Why men ought to be thankful - a short story -
Coming Alive - poetry
Simon Armitage's - Top Tips For Poetry Readers -
A Summer Afternoon - James Whitcomb Riley - Other Poets -
The Rainy Morning - James Whitcomb Riley - Other Poets -
Favourite Poems - 1 - Library by Albert Goldbarth
Favourite Poems - 2 - Other Libraries
Favourite poem - 3 - I know why the caged bird sings - Maya Angelou & Sympathy, P. Lawrence Dunbar
Favourite Poems - 4 - Tintern Abbey by William Wordsworth
Favourite Poem - 5 - Ode to the West Wind by Percy Bysshe Shelley
Favourite Poems 6 - Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard - by Thomas Gray
Favourite Poems 7 - The Second Coming - by W.B. Yeats
Favourite Poems 8 - The Waste Land - by T.S. Eliot
Favourite Poems 9 - Strange Fruit - Sung by Billie Holiday -
Favourite Poem - 10 - Still I Rise by Maya Angelou
Pablo Neruda - Ode To Conger Chowder - favourite poems 11
Favourite Poem 12 - Midnight - JOHN MACKAY WILSON
Read Me - Poetry -
Khyber Pass - poetry -

Technological innovation and a nation's adaptation to developmental technology -

Frederick Kwesi Great Agboletey

Glasgow, Scotland

 

You, I and the Internet

The Research project that derailed – Published 20 July, 2009-07-20 –

Illustration: Stefan Malmquist The technology behind the internet came out of American defence activities during the Cold War, however like a Frankenstein monster the orginators lost control over their own research project.

During the Spring there were heated debates and extensive lobbying to attempt to pass laws that will control the use of the internet. The question however is how did we get here? I this first part of a new series in DN.se we need to trace the track back in time to the then actualities of the space race and the cold war. “The whole world is connected and I was right there at the very beginning” says the Swedish internet pioneer Ynvge Sundblad, a professor at the Kings Technical College in Stockholm.

It all began in the year 1957. The Soviet Union sent up Sputnik and the space race had begun. It was also the start off shot for what we refer to today as the internet.

For today’s youth it can seem bizarre that the internet has not always been. How did one keep in contact with one friends before msn and Facebook? How did one work without e mail and google? How did one carry out banking and checked public transport time tables and bus schedules? How did one discover new music?

During the Spring, Pirate Bay, Ipred and The telecommunications Packet have been topical in the news stream and the Pirate Party went all the way to the EU parliament. The internet has become a monster who rules and companies all over the world are trying to tame it with new regulations and laws using intensive lobbying. But how did it become this way?

The path takes us back to a global power struggle. The internet was not created to allow all kinds of people unlimited and unhindered access to pornography and new, rather it was the outcome of the cold war and the United States fear of the Soviet Union.

Sputnik 1 was a satellite sending radio signals for 22 days in October 1957, it sent out information on temperature and pressure. Petty harmless one may think, but the Soviet Unions technological progress was perceived warily by the Americans. To stay a step ahead of the enemy the Americans formed ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) and focused on technical research.

It took just a few years for research before a new type of computer network was presented – A network without a central core. The military were especially interested in these since this network was harder to completely knock out and had potentials of surviving a nuclear attack.

In 1969 the experimental network Arpanet took off. Computers in American Universities were connected. That same year the first e mail was sent.

Three years later were 23 mainframes (computers) in 15 different locations were connected and additional two years later. In 1974 it had been extended by a sea cable to Great Britain and Norway. Arpanet grew and grew. Soon it became clear that the network could have social ends and not only for research.

Yngve Sundblad, professor of Computer Science has worked at the King’s Technical College in Stockholm since the mid 1960s and was one of the Sweden’s first internet users.

- It is fascinating. I am glad to be among those who were initiative in this undoubtedly unique developments. The whole world is connected together and I was right there from the beginning.

Yngve Sundblas was 37 years old when he first sent out an e mail.

- This information is now allowed into public domain so I can tell you that the first time I used the internet or the Arpanet as it was called then, I broke the law. It was in 1980.

It was when Yngve Sundblad had visited a colleague in Norway that he could test the network.

- At that time, it was only Arpa members who got to use the net,so what I did was really illegal. But it was very exciting to be able to send an email and receive a direct response from a colleague who I knew at that very moment was in Stanford University in California. I wrote mainly, “Hello, this is Yngve”, but it was exciting all the same.

By 1982 the network was no longer refered to as Arpanet but rather the internet, with a capital I. In Sweden it took a year from thence to be logged online via Eunet.

One normally assumes that the altogether first e mail sent in Sweden was sent that year. Ynvge Sundblad it is clear was one of the first internet users in Sweden. The King’s Technical College got its Unix computers in 1983.

Then there were hardly 10,000 users globally. Spam and such were not in existence. All were benign users.

Use of the network spread very quickly in the Universities in Sweden. Yngve Sundblad was responsible for employing all who will work with Sunet, the Swedish Universities Computer network that was established in 1988.

Televerket (The Swedish Telecommunications Oversight Body)  dissuaded us strongly from setting up Sunet, but we knew that it was the ip-technology (internet protocol) that was going to carry the day and we went with it all the same.

With the investment in Sunet the universities in Sweden became leaders in internet development.

- We are very progressive. In 1990 there were two major exchanges in the world with regards to internet use – The one was in Washington and the other with us in Stockholm. We have always been at the cutting edge of internet use in Sweden, not least in the universities.

How did your work change in and with the internet?

- In the beginning one was typically odd. It was almost no one else who had access to the network. But colleagues in Computer Science who were among the first to have access. I remember that in the middle of the 1990s I wrote an article together with a colleague i Seattle. He worked when I slept and I worked when he slept. When the one went to bed the other took over. It was fantastically efficient.

Arpanet came to an end in 1990 when the experiment was declared over. By then its creators had long lost control over their creation. The internet did not care appreciably for its name but rather continued to develop on its own. According to Chinese Research information, the internet doubles in size every fifth year. In May 2009 it was measured to be 500 exabyte (an exa is equal to a billion, billions). Comparatively that is about 125 billion dvd discs.

That the internet has become an untameable monster with unlimited information that all with appropriate technical education have access to had Yngve and his colleagues never dreamed of ( or considered conceivable).

- We thought that the internet primarily would be a way for researchers to communicate with one another. The breakthrough that came in the beginning of the 1990s with www was fantastic and now the internet is clearly a tool for all, he says and continues:

- I think it was in 1994 that Carl Bildt sent an e mail for the first time to Clinton. Since this it has just exploded. People have adopted the new technology very quickly. It is of course humans who need communication and are behind its growth and development.

Yngve Sundblad thinks the web is going to continue to develop but thinks that it is important that the whole world is on board. Today only a fourth of the world’s people have access to the internet.

- We ought to see to it that everyone has access to it, he says.

Sofia Lundgren

sofia.lundgren@dn.se

Du, jag och internet

Forskningsprojektet som spårade ur

Publicerat i dag. 11:07

 

Illustration: Stefan Malmquist Tekniken bakom internet föddes i det amerikanska försvaret under Kalla kriget, men likt ett Frankensteins monster förlorade skaparna snart kontrollen över sitt eget forskningsprojekt.

Under våren har debatten varit het kring alla försök att "tygla" internet med nya lagar och lobbyverksamhet. Men hur kom vi hit? I den första delen i en ny artikelserie på DN.se leder spåren tillbaka till den just nu högaktuella rymdkapplöpningen och det kalla kriget. "Hela världen har knutits ihop och jag var med från början", berättar den svenske internetpionjären Yngve Sundblad, professor på KTH.

Det hela började år 1957. Sovjetunionen sände upp Sputnik 1 och rymdkapplöpningen drog i gång. Det var också startskottet för vad vi i dag kallar internet.

För dagens ungdomar kan det te sig bisarrt att internet inte alltid funnits. Hur höll man kontakt med sina vänner innan msn och Facebook? Hur jobbade man utan mejl och google? Hur skötte man sina bankärenden och kollade busstidtabellen? Hur upptäckte man ny musik?

Under våren har Pirate Bay, Ipred och Telekompaketet varit framträdande i nyhetsflödet och Piratpartiet tog sig hela vägen in i EU-parlamentet. Internet har blivit ett monster som regeringar och företag över hela världen försöker tämja med nya lagar och ihärdig lobbyverksamhet. Men hur kom vi hit?

Spåren leder oss tillbaka till en global maktkamp. Internet skapades inte för att gemene man skulle ha obegränsad tillgång till porr och nyheter utan är ett resultat av det kalla kriget och USA:s rädsla för Sovjetunionen.

Sputnik 1 var en satellit med radiosändare som under 22 dygn i oktober 1957 sände ut information om temperatur och tryck. Rätt harmlöst kan tyckas, men Sovjetunionens teknologiska framgång var långt ifrån uppskattad av USA. För att alltid ligga ett steg före sina fiender bildade amerikanarna ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) och satsade på teknisk forskning.

Det dröjde bara några år av forskning innan en ny typ av datornätverk presenterades – nätverk som saknade center. Militären var särskilt intresserad av dessa eftersom de var svåra att slå ut och därmed skulle överleva exempelvis ett kärnvapenanfall.

År 1969 drog experimentnätverket Arpanet i gång. Datorer på amerikanska universitet kopplades samman. Samma år skickades det första e-brevet.

Tre år senare var 23 datorer på 15 olika platser inkopplade och ytterligare två år senare, 1974, hade det utvidgats med en kabel till Storbritannien och Norge. Arpanet växte och växte. Snart stod det klart att nätet kunde användas till sociala ändamål och inte enbart till forskning.

Yngve Sundblad, professor i datalogi, har jobbat på Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm sedan 60-talets mitt och var en av Sveriges allra första internetanvändare.

– Det är fascinerande. Jag är glad att jag fått vara med om den här fullständigt unika utvecklingen. Hela världen har knutits ihop och jag var med från början.

Yngve Sundblad var 37 år gammal när han skickade ett mejl för första gången.

– Det här är preskriberat nu så jag kan berätta att första gången jag använde internet, eller Arpanätet som det hette då, bröt jag mot lagen. Det var år 1980.

Det var när Yngve Sundblad besökte en kollega i Norge som han fick testa.

– På den tiden var det bara Arpamedlemmar som fick använda nätet, så att jag gjorde det var egentligen olagligt. Men det var väldigt spännande att kunna skicka ett brev och få svar direkt från en kollega som jag visste befann sig på Stanforduniversitetet i Kalifornien. Jag skrev väl i stort sett bara ”Hello, this is Yngve”, men det var spännande ändå.

1982 kallades nätverket inte längre för Arpanet utan Internet, med stort i. I Sverige dröjde dock till året därpå innan vi loggade på via Eunet.

Man brukar räkna med att det allra första mejlet i Sverige skickades samma år. Yngve Sundblad var så klart en av de första internetanvändarna i Sverige. Tekniska högskolan skaffade unixdatorer redan år 1983.

– Då var vi knappt 10 000 användare runt världen. Spam och sådant fanns inte. Alla var välvilliga användare.

Nätanvändandet spred sig snabbt på universiteten i Sverige. Yngve Sundblad ansvarade för att anställa alla som skulle jobba med Sunet, de svenska universitetens datanätverk, som sattes upp år 1988.

– Televerket avrådde oss starkt från att sätta upp Sunet, men vi visste att det var ip-teknologin som gällde och satsade i alla fall.

I och med satsningen på Sunet blev universiteten ledande i Sverige med internetutvecklingen.

– Vi var väldigt framgångsrika. År 1990 fanns det två stora växlar i världen inom internet – den ena var i Washington och den andra hos oss i Stockholm. Vi har alltid varit i framkanten av internetanvändandet i Sverige, inte minst universiteten.

Hur förändrades ditt arbete i och med internet?

– I början var man ju ganska udda. Det var nästan ingen annan som hade tillgång till nätet. Men just kollegor i datalogi var bland de första som hade det. Jag kommer ihåg att jag i mitten av 90-talet skrev en artikel tillsammans med en kollega i Seattle. Han jobbade när jag sov och jag jobbade när han sov. När den ene gick och lade sig tog den andre vid. Det var fantastiskt effektivt.

Arpanet upphörde officiellt att existera år 1990 när experimentet förklarades avslutat. Då hade skaparna för längesedan förlorat kontrollen över sin skapelse. Internet brydde sig inte nämnvärt, utan fortsatte att utvecklas på egen hand. Enligt kinesisk forskning dubbleras internets storlek vart femte år. I maj i år mättes den till 500 exabyte (exa = en miljard miljarder). Det motsvarar 125 miljarder dvd-skivor.

Att internet blivit ett otämjt monster med obegränsad information som alla med tekniska förutsättningar har tillgång till hade Yngve och hans kollegor aldrig kunnat drömma om.

– Vi trodde att internet i första hand skulle komma att vara ett sätt för forskare att kommunicera med varandra. Genombrottet som kom i början av 1990-talet med www var fantastiskt och nu är internet ett självklart verktyg för alla, säger han och fortsätter:

- Jag tror det var 1994 som Carl Bildt skickade ett mejl för första gången till Clinton. Sedan dess har det exploderat. Folk har tagit till sig den nya tekniken snabbt. Det är nog människans behov av kommunikation som drivit utvecklingen.

Yngve Sundblad tror att webben kommer att fortsätta att utvecklas men tycker att det är viktigast att hela världen kommer med. I dag har endast en fjärdedel av världens befolkning tillgång till internet.

– Vi borde se till att alla har det, säger han.

Sofia Lundgren

sofia.lundgren@dn.se

 

Enter supporting content here